Vaccine for neonatal calf diarrhea

ABSTRACT

A vaccine is prepared by passaging a coronavirus-like agent in tissue culture or by inactivating the viral agent. The vaccine is useful for immunizing bovine animals against calf diarrhea.

United States Patent Mebus [75] Inventor: Charles A. Mebus, Lincoln. Nebr. [73] Assignee: The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.

[22] Filed: Nov. 29, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 528,521

Related US. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 405.997. Oct. 12. 1973. Pat. No. 3.873.422. which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 302.179. Oct. 30. 1972. abandoned.

[52] US. Cl. 424/89; 195/11, 195/13; 195/14; 195/15; 424/90 [51] Int. Cl. C12K 5/00 [58] Field of Search 424/89; 195/1.1-1.8

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3.293.129 12/1966 Baker 424/89 3.838.004 9/1974 Mebus et a1. 195/13 3.839.556 10/1974 Mebus et a1. 424/89 3.869.547 3/1975 Mebus et a1. 424/89 1 1 Nov. 11, 1975 3/1975 Mebus 195/13 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Mebus et 211., J. Am. Vet. Med. 163(7):?380-883, (1973).

Mebus et a1., Vet. Path. 11:375 (1973). Mebus et al.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 34:145-158 (1973). Stair et 211.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 33:1147-1155 (1972). Mebus et a1. Vet. Med/Small Anim. Clin. 67:173-178 (1972).

Mebus et a1., Canad. Vet. J1. 12:69-72 (1971). We1ch.Canad. J. Comp. Med. 35:195-202 (1971 Mebus ct al.. Proc. 73rd Ann. Mtg. U.S. Anim. Health Assoc. 97-99. Oct. 12-17 (1969).

Mebus et a1. Univ. Nebr. C011. Agr. Home Ec. Res. Bull. 233. Mar. 1969.

Assoc.

Primary E.\'mninerShep K. Rose AIM/I718). Agent. or Firm-Alan D. Lourie; William H. Edgerton 1571 ABSTRACT A vaccine is prepared by passaging a coronavirus-like agent in tissue Culture or by inactivating the viral agent. The vaccine is useful for immunizing bovine animals against calf diarrhea.

5 Claims, N0 Drawings VACCINE FOR NEONATAL CALF DIARRHEA This is a division of application Ser. No. 405,997 filed Oct. 12.1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,873,422 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 302,l79, filed Oct. 30, I972, now abandoned.

The present invention relates to a vaccine against a new coronavirus-like agent which is a causative factor in neonatal calf diarrhea and to a method of obtaining said vaccine. In particular, the invention consists of a method of attenuating the coronavirus-like virus by serial passage in fetal bovine kidney cells and to the vaccine obtained thereby. In addition, a vaccine is prepared by inactivating the coronavirus-like agent after it is propagated on cell cultures.

BACKGROUND AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE CORONAVIRUS-LIKE AGENT The etiologic factors of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) are complex. Numerous organisms have been implicated as causes for this disease, including bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, chlamydia, and viruses. Viruses specifically enumerated have been bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, adenovirus, enterovirus, and HADEN virus. Other viruses that have been reported as etiologic agents of NCD are calf pneumonia enteritis virus and a reovirus-like agent referred to as NCD virus. The method ofpreparing a vaccine ef fective against this NCD reovirus-like agent is disclosed and claimed in application Ser. No. l97,520, filed Nov. I0, 1971, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,838,004.

In the course of field trails of the vaccine prepared from the reovirus-like agent, it was observed that in certain herds in western Nebraska inadequate control of the calf disease resulted. (Vet. Med/Small Anim. Clin., 67(2), I73 (l972)]. Typically, the calves had received the vaccine during the first 24 hours of life, yet diarrheas developed in several herds when the calves were 5 to days old. Diarrheal feces from these calves were examined for the reovirus-like virus using the fluorescent antibody technique and were fond negative.

Diarrheal feces from one of the vaccinated herds in which 90 percent ofthe calves were affected when they were 7-l2 days old were inoculated via duodenal injection into a Caesarean derived colostrum-deprived calf. This calf developed diarrhea from which bacteria-free fecal filtrates were prepared and inoculated orally into gnotobiotic calves. These calves developed diarrhea, thereby indicating another viral agent as the cause of diarrhea. Electron microscopic examination of diarrheal feces from the experimental calves revealed a coronavirus-like agent. Similar viral particles were found in diarrhea] feces both in vaccinated herds participating in the field trials and in herds in which no vaccine had been used.

This new coronavirus-like agent has now been purified and identified in greater detail. We have discov ered that this corona-like virus can be propagated and modified on cell cultures into an effective vaccine. We have also discovered that an effective vaccine can be prepared by inactivating the virus after it has been grown on cell cultures. Therefore. our invention consists of vaccines effective against this new coronaviruslike agent and of methods of preparing and administering this vaccine. Purification and description of this agent have now been described in Am. J. Vet. Res. 33, 1147-56 (I972).

PURIFICATION OF THE CORONAVlRUS-LIKE AGENT Samples of fecal material were collected from diarrheal calves of 19 ranch herds in western Nebraska. Calves from 12 of the 19 herds had been previously inoculated orally with NCD reovirus-like virus vaccine while calves from the remaining herds were unvaccinated. Fecal smears from diarrheal calves were stained with an immunofluorescent conjugate to test for NCD virus (Univ. of Nebraska, Agri. Exper. Sta. Res. Bull. 233, 1969) and only samples negative for NCD virus were used. Diarrheal fecal material collected from naturally infected calves in the field and from experimentally infected calves was frozen immediately and stored at 20 to C until viral purification was begun.

Sucrose density gradients were prepared and allowed to stand overnight at 4C in order to form a linear gradient before use. Gradients consisted of 8 ml each of 400, 300 200 and 100 mg of sucrose per milliliter of distilled deionized water. Decreasing concentrations were layered into 2.5 by 8.9 cm cellulose nitrate centrifuge tubes.

All procedures leading to viral purification were con ducted at 4C. A clinical centrifuge and an ultracentrifuge were used.

The diarrhea] fecal material was mixed with three volumes of deionized water and centrifuged at 5,000 g for 30 minutes. The supernate was then centrifuged for three hours at 25,000 rpm in a type 30 rotor. The resultant pellet was dispersed by sonification for 30 seconds in 5 percent (w/v) sucrose solution. This suspension will be referred to as the crude viral suspension.

Crude viral suspension (5 ml) was layered on the gradients in the tubes and centrifuged at 25,000 rpm for 2 hours in a SW 27 rotor. After centrifugation, bands were located by light scattering. Material from each band was collected from the top of the centrifuge tube using a Pasteur pipet fitted with a propipette. Samples were dialyzed against 1% solution of ammonium acetate before electron microscopy was done. The fraction containing virus (semipurified virus from the band that was 6 cm from the meniscus) was submitted to further purification by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or by cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient centrifugation.

The semipurified virus preparation was purified further by repeating the sucrose density gradient centrifugation process described above. Again bands were located and the band at 6.0 cm from the meniscus was collected and dialyzed against 1 percent ammonium acetate to yield a purified virus.

lsopyonic gradient centrifugations of the semipurified virus preparation with CsCl were conducted by starting with a 30 percent solution (l5 Gm ofCsCl plus 35 ml of deionized water). This solution (4 ml) was placed in cellulose nitrate centrifuge tubes, and each tube was overlayed with 1.4 ml of viral suspension. A SW rotor was used at 60,000 rpm for 18 hours, at which time apparent equilibrium had been reached. The refractive index of the CsCl in the zone where the virus was located was determined using a TS meter. The band at 2.9 cm from the meniscus was collected and dialyzed against 1 percent ammonium acetate solution to give a purified virus.

The aforementioned crude viral suspension (l5 ml) was also fractionated by gel filtration on a 4.2 by 42 cm gel column (Sepharose 2B, Pharmacia Fine Chemicals,

Inc.. Piscataway. NJ). The column had been previously equilibrated with 0.9 percent NaCl and was developed with this salt solution. A flow rate of 6.0 ml/hour was used. Fractions of 5 ml were collected. and the absorbance was determined at 260 m with a spectrophotometer. Materials from each of the different peaks were combined and separately concentrated by ultrafiltration.

A simplified procedure was also used for preparation of virus from diarrheal fecal material from experimental calves. The fecal material was centrifuged directly at 3.400 g for 30 minutes. A portion of the supernatant material was extracted twice with dichlorodifluoromethane. Aqueous phase (5 ml) and untreated super natant (5 ml) material were subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation as previously described.

The virus concentrated by density gradient centrifugation was used for electron microscopic studies and also as an antigen for rabbit immunization to prepare a conjugate for immunofluorescent analysis. White do mestic rabbits about 6 months old were bled from the heart (14 ml) and then injected intramuscularly at four sites with 0.25 ml per site of a mixture 0.4 ml antigen and 0.6 ml complete Freunds adjuvant. Five weeks after inoculation 70 ml of blood were collected by cardiac puncture. Fluorescein labeled gamma globulin was prepared from the post inoculation serum by known methods (Proc. U.S. Livestock San. Assn. Oct. 1968, l39l44).

The presence of the coronavirus-like agent could be detected in infected intestine by the immunofluorescent technique using the conjugate prepared above. The specificity of this conjugate for the coronaviruslike agent was clearly shown in the following series of tests. Sections of intestine from diarrheic calves which had been infected with coronavirus-like agent were stained with the conjugate and fluorescence of the vi]- lous cells was observed. lntestine from the same calf had no fluorescence when stained with the conjugate for the reovirus-like agent referred to above. Sections of intestine from diarrheic calves which had been infected with the reovirus-like virus were positive when stained with conjugate for the reovirus-like agent and negative when stained with the conjugate for the coronavirus-like agent. Sections of a normal gnotobiotic calf intestine had no fluorescence when stained with the conjugate for the coronavirus-like agent. Sections of a normal gnotobiotic calf intestine had no fluorescence when stained with the conjugate for the coronavirus-like agent.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE VlRUS The virus-containing band resulting from gradient density ultracentrifugation purification was examined by electron microscopic examination. Droplets from the bands were applied to 200 mesh copper grids which had previously been coated with collodion and reinforced with evaporated carbon. The droplets were al lowed to remain on the grids for 3 to 25 minutes depending on the degree of light scattering of the band that was being studied. Excess fluid was blotted off with filter paper and then a droplet of vanadatomolybdatephosphotungstic acid solution was applied to the grid. The stain was allowed to remain on the grid for l to 1.5 minutes before the excess was removed by using filter paper as a blotter.

The samples were examined with an electron microscope with an instrument magnification of 32,000 or 4 greater. Size determinations were made by dimensional analysis of electron micrographs of the specimens and diffraction grating replicas where were taken immediately after the specimen electron micrographs without altering the settings of the instrument.

Size of complete viral particles ranged from l07 to m in the same micrograph and had surface projections similar to those observed for the coronaviruses. Average size of particles, including surface projections. as determined by electron microscopy, was I26 m. The nucleocapsid was polymorphic and varied in size and shape from round to oblong. Envelopes of nucleocapsids were particularly obvious when the fringe was lost. Fringe width was variable to a maximum of 23 m. Surface projections of well-preserved particles were petal shaped, attached to the particle by a slender stalk, and an average of ll m in length.

The coronavirus-like agent described in this invention is easily differentiated on the basis of size and morphological features from other viruses that have been proved or proposed to be an etiologic factor in neonatal calf diarrhea. The coronavirus-like agent herein de scribed has different morphologic features and is larger than enteroviruses, the virus of calf-pneumonia-enteritis, bovine viral diarrhea. neonatal calf diarrhea virus (reo-like), and HADEN virus. This new agent is smaller and lacks the typical morphological features of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. The buoyant density of purified coronavirus-like agent was 1.24 using CsCl while the reovirus-like agent had a buoyant density of 1.359 [Can. J. Comp. Med.. 35 ([971 )1.

The physiological effects of the coronavirus-like agent also differ from that of the reo-like virus. The incubation period following oral inoculation of gnotobiotic calves with the reovirus-like agent can be as short as 13.5 to l4 hours while the shortest incubation period observed with the coronavirus-like agent was l8 hours. In addition, reo-virus infected gnotobiotic calves have diarrhea for 5 to 8 hours and then appear normal 24 hours after the onset of diarrhea. On the other hand, coronavirus-like agent infected gnotobiotic calves develop diarrhea and may continue to have diarrhea 5 or more days or may die 2-3 days after diarrhea begins.

PREPARATION AND USE OF THE VACCINE The following description illustrates methods useful in carrying out our invention; however, it is to be understood that these are not limitative.

The coronavirus-like agent obtained from infected calves and described herein was propagated on fetal bovine kidney cells. The virus may also be propagated on cells from other tissues or cell lines of bovine or other origin. Monolayer cell cultures are prepared by known methods and inoculated with the coronaviruslike agent. In general. monolayer cultures are washed with Hanks balanced salt solution and then a viral inoculum is added and allowed to be absorbed for several hours. generally 2 hours. at about 37. A maintenance medium of Earles balanced salt solution containing 0.5 percent lactalbumin hydrolysate (LAH), 0.1 percent yeast extract. and l00 units penicillin and 200 g streptomycin per milliliter is added and the culture is incubated at 30-40. preferably about 37, for 2-10 days. The virus is harvested, e.g. by pouring off the supernatant fluid from the cells. The viral inoculum may be feces collected from coronavirus-infected calves or culture fluids from coronavirus-like virus cultures. The feces can be used as collected or can be diluted in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2). centrifuged at [,000 g for 20 minutes and the supernatant fluid used as the inoculum.

Other maintenance media may be used, for example, modified Eagle's medium containing lactalbumin hydrolyzate. The choice of the medium is within the normal skill of the art.

An effective attenuated corona-like virus vaccine is obtained by passaging purified virus in fetal bovine kidncy cells a sufficient number of times so that when an inoculated calf is challenged with virulent virus, no dis ease is produced. One will generally need to passage the virus from 5 to 60 times, the passages being in pri mary or secondary (primary cells which have been passaged once) cells or higher passaged cells or cell lines. Higher passaged cells which have been passaged more than times may be considered cell lines. A preferred method involves a combination of passages on primary or secondary cells and higher passaged cells or cell lines. Virus titers are determined by standard methods. For example, cells inoculated with virus dilutions are incubated for 5 days in tubes containing fetal bovine kidney cells. The presence of virus is determined, e.g. by cytopathologic effects, immunofluorescence, or hemadsorption.

More specifically an effective attenuated vaccine was produced by the following procedure. A bovine fetus was obtained and a large quantity of primary kidney cells was prepared. Several bottles and coverslip cultures were prepared from the primary cells and the remainder of the primary cells were frozen using Earles balanced salt solution containing 0.5 percent LAH, to percent adult bovine serum, and l0 percent dimethyl sulfoxide. The bottle and coverslip cultures were inoculated with viruscontaining solution as described herein and incubated at 37c. When a few fluorescent cells were observed on the coverslip cultures some frozen primary cells from the same fetus were thawed and propagated into monolayer cultures by standard methods. Fluid from the infected primary cell culture was passed onto these secondary cell cultures. After incubation of 6-7 days, fluid from the secondary cell culture was used to inoculate additional secondary cell cultures. From the lst through the th passage, 2 ml of the fluid was used to inoculate an 8 ounce bottle as described heretofore. From the [5th to 25th passage, 2 ml of the fluid was added to the maintenance medium in the bottle. After the 25th passage, a 1 ml inoculum is added to the maintenance medium in each bottle. When the coronavirus-like agent had reached the 5th to th tissue culture passage a series of consecutive passages of cells from secondary cells was initiated. At each passage of the virus only part of the cells were infected and the other uninfected cells were subcultured to become the next higher passage level of cells. This type of cell culture is referred to as the passaged cell culture. By continuing the consecutive subcultural passages of the virus on passaged cell cultures. a compatihle cell-virus system was evolved. After 5-20 passages ofthe virus in secondary cell cultures the virus was passaged 5-40 or more times in passaged cell cultures to produce an effective attenuated coronavirus-like virus vaccine. The period of incubation for the viral passages decreases with increasing numbers of passages and can be from 2 to 7 days for passages on higher passaged cells or cell lines. Each passage is conducted until a cytopathogenic effect is obtained. The vaccine may be produced on a fetal bovine kidney cell line or from other tissues or cell lines of bovine or other origin, for example. bovine lung, a bovine turbinate cell line, or procine kidney cells or cell lines, by growing it in the tissue culture at about 37until a suitable virus titer is obtained and then harvesting the virus. Titers of 10 to lO- TClD 50/ml preferably [0 to [0"- TCID 50/ml obtained. The vaccine may be used in the liquid state or lyophilized. It can be reconstituted with sterile diluent such as distilled water for later use.

The preferred product consists of an attenuated virus which has been passaged 12 times on secondary cells and 15 times on cells which themselves have been pas saged 9 to 27 times. The total passage level was thus 27. Vaccines of up to 35 passages have been prepared.

In addition, an effective inactivated vaccine is prepared by inactivating the coronavirus-like agent. In general, this is prepared by first propagating the agent on fetal bovine kidney cells as described above until an adequate titer is obtained. The titer should be as high as possible within the range stated above. Any cell passage level of virus, even an unattenuated virus, can be used. The virus is then inactivated by treating it at 20-40 with an inactivating agent known in the art, such as formalin, -propiolactoner, ultraviolet radiation, or heat, for such a length of time and concentration of inactivating agent as to effectively inactivate the virus. These details are wellknown to the art. An adjuvant may be added to enhance the antigenicity. The adjuvant may be any of those known in the art including aluminum hydroxide gel, potassium alum, alginate, or an oil base or other adjuvant such as mineral or other organic oil.

A typical procedure to prepare an inactivated vaccine is as follows. The coronavirus-like agent at the 27th passage level as described above is used. Formalin is added to the virus-containing culture fluids until 0.2 percent concentration is obtained. These fluids are then allowed to stand for l to 2 days at 37. To the inactivated virus is added aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant to a concentration of 10 percent. The pH is adjusted to about 7.2 with aluminum hydroxide.

The attenuated vaccine can be administered orally in doses of l to 5 ml containing l0 to I0 TCID 50/ml to calves, preferably newborn, to induce immunity to virulent virus. The inactivated vaccine is administered parenterally in doses of l to 5 ml to pregnant cows 3090 days prior to calving or to calves at an early age as soon after birth as possible, to provide protection from the coronavirus-like agent.

In addition, a combination vaccine can comprise coronavirus and any other viral agent, preferably inactivated, used to immunize calves or cows. A preferred combination includes inactivated coronavirus and reo virus, both of which are prepared by inactivating a live virus, either unattenuated or attenuated, by chemicals, radiation, or heat. Coronavirus can also be combined with bovine adenovirus, bovine virus diarrhea, or other bovine pathogen such as E. coli or clostridia sp.

A combination vaccine containing coronavirus and reovirus is prepared by mixing equal amounts of both inactivated agents. One then adds formalin to a concentration of 0.2 percent and aluminum hydroxide gel to l0 percent by volume. The dosage of this vaccine is l to 5 ml administered parenterally to the pregnant cow. The combinations can be given either to calves or pregnant cows. The combination vaccines provide protection for the newborn calf, via colostral and/or milk antibodies. In addition, protection against both agents 7 can be developed by immunizing the pregnant cow with the inactivated reoviruslike vaccine and then administering the attenuated coronavirus-like vaccine to the calf. Protection against both agents can also be obvirus in diarrheal feces when 6 days old remained normal. Calf6 inoculated orally with 5 ml of [9th passage virus grown on secondary fetal bovine kidney cells developed diarrhea. Twelve calves (No. 7 through l3 and tained by immunizing the pregnant cow with the inacti- 5 15 through 19) inoculated orally with 5 ml of 13th to vated coronavirus-like vaccine and then administering 25th passage virus of which at least 5 passages were on the attenuated reovirus-like vaccine to the calf. Finally. higher passages of fetal bovine cells did not develop dia combination vaccine comprising attenuated arrhea and, except for calf 18, remained normal after coronavirus and reoviruslike agents can be given to oral inoculation with feces containing virulent virus. the pregnant cow. 10 A combination vaccine containing inactivated The attenuated virus vaccine was tested for effectivecoronavirus and reovirus was evaluated in adult calves ness by administering the vaccine produced at various from 2 ranches. The vaccine was prepared from 27 pascell culture passage levels to gnotobiotic calves at the sage coronavirus, inactivated with formalin. and 20l age of about 7 hours. At a later time the calves were passage (primary bovine kidney and bovine kidney cell challenged by inoculation with virulent virus. The rel5 line), reovirus. inactivated with formalin. The inactisults of these tests are summarized in Table l. vated viruses were mixed together in equal amounts Calf l inoculated orally with 10 ml of cell culture and aluminum hydroxide gel was added to percent. fluid from the 14th passage of the virus on secondary The results are presented in Table 2.

TABLE 1" Result of Challenge Age of Calf Calf No No. of Virus Passages" Result of Virus Inoculation Inoculation (Days) 14 0 D N 9 2 0 N N 3 3 [6 (l d killed 4 [6 0 d N e 5 Control for challenge virus D 3 (1 19 0 D not challenged 7 S 8 N N 4 s e 7 N N 3 9 9 5 N N 3 in x 9 N N 3 l i 9 7 N N 3 I2 ll 8 N N 4 13 ll 9 N N 5 [4 Control for challenge virus D 3 l5 ll it N N 4 l6 [0 ll N N 3 l7 i0 l2 N N 3 l8 10 l5 N d 4 i9 i0 13 N N 4 "D diarrhea; N normal Passages on primary or secondary cells and passages on passagcd cells TABLE 2 No. of Cows No. of calves treated for scours 92 treated Ranch Not I 242 vaccinated twice 3 W2 85 unvaccinated 7'7 9l7z Ranch No. 2 (al 600 vaccinated twice (400 calved in shed 104 26% where bacterial infection was found; 200 calved outside 10 57: of shed) (b) 350 vaccinated once I7 5; I300 unvaccinated 195 15% (c) 750 vaccinated twice 7 1% (d) 250 vaccinated twice 3 IZ 2S0 unvaccinated 107i fetal bovine kidney cells developed diarrhea and recovered. At 9 days of age, the calf was inoculated orally with 10 ml of diarrheal feces (virulent virus) in 20 ml PBS and remained normal. Calf 2, inoculated with [0 ml of 15th passage of virus on secondary fetal bovine kidney did not develop diarrhea and remained normal after it was given challenge inoculum of virulent virus Calves 3 and 4 inoculated with 10 ml of l6th passage virus grown on secondary fetal bovine kidney cells de' veloped mild diarrhea. Calf 3 was killed shortly after the onset ofdiarrhea; sections of the small intestine and colon stained with conjugate for the coronavirus-like agent had immunofluorescence in the epithelium of the intestinal villi and colon. Calf 4 inoculated with virulent 10 adult pregnant cow 30 to days prior to the birth of said newborn calf and then causing said newborn calf to ingest the colostrum or milk containing protective antibodies or to the said newborn calf soon after birth.

5. A vaccine according to claim 3, in which the adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide gel.

PATENT NO.

DATED |NVENTOR(S) I Page 1 of 2 November 11,

Charles A. Mebus It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown beiow;

Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column 2, line 2, line 2, line 2, line 3, line 4, line 4, line 4, line 4, line 4, line 4, line 4, line Column 5,

Column line 6, line 16, change "20 to 60C" to 20 to -60c--- 19, change "4C" to --4 21, add coma between 300 and 200 26, change "4C" to -4 c- 5, change "260 m" to 260 um 3, change "where" to -which-- 7, change "160 m" to 160 pm-.

10, change "126 m" to l26 um-- l4, change "23 m" to 23 17, change "11 m" to 11 i 58, change "37" to 37--- 61, change "200 g" to 200 ug- 63, change "3o-4o" to ---30-4o--- and "37" to 36, change "37c" to 37 c--- 4, change "37" to 37 Page 2 of 2 UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. 1 13 DATED 3 November 11, 1975 |NVENTOR(S) I Charles A. Mebus It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Column 6, line 23, change "20-40" to ---20-40--- Column 6, line 24, change propiolactoner" to Bpropiolactone Column 6, line 38, change "37" to -37-- Column 9, line 2, change "an adjuvant effective amount of an therefor" to an effective amount of an adjuvant therefor--.

Signed and Scaled this thirtieth March I 976 [SEAL] Day of A tres r.-

IIZUTH C. M fSON C. MARSHALL DANN rrvsung Ojjrcer Commissioner vfPalenls and Trademarks 

1. A PROCESS FOR PRODUCING AN INACTIVATED CORONAVIRUS-LIKE CALF DIARRHEA VIRUS VACCINE COMPRISING INACTIVATING WITH AN EFFECTIVE AMOUNT OF AN INACTIVATING AGENT AN ADEQUATE TITER OF A CORONAVIRUS-LIKE CALF DIARRHEA VIRUS PASSAGE IN BOVINE CELL CULTURE AND PROPAGATED FROM KNOWN CORONAVIRUS-LIKE CALF DIARRHEA VIRUS WHICH WHEN VIRULENT CAUSES DIARRHEA IN INFECTED CALVES AND COMBINING IT WITH AN ANTIBODY ENHANCING AMOUNT OF AN ADJUVANT.
 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, where the inactivating agent is formalin.
 3. An inactivated coronavirus-like calf diarrhea vaccine comprising an adequate titer of inactivated coronavirus-like calf diarrhea virus, when prepared by the process of claim 1, and an adjuvant effective amount of an therefor.
 4. A method for immunizing a newborn calf against neonatal calf diarrhea caused by a coronavirus-like calf diarrhea virus comprising parenterally administering at least 1 ml. of the vaccine claimed in claim 3 either to an adult pregnant cow 30 to 90 days prior to the birth of said newborn calf and then causing said newborn calf to ingest the colostrum or milk containing protective antibodies or to the said newborn calf soon after birth.
 5. A vaccine according to claim 3, in which the adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide gel. 